Wat Chang Lom, Sukhothai, Thailand

Wat Chang Lom is a historic temple located in Sukhothai, Thailand, which is part of the Sukhothai Historical Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The temple is renowned for its unique architectural style and historical significance, reflecting the early Sukhothai period's religious and cultural influences.

Key Features of Wat Chang Lom:

1. Chedi (Stupa):

   • The central structure of Wat Chang Lom is a large bell-shaped chedi, which is a common feature in Sukhothai architecture. The chedi is notable for being surrounded by 39 life-sized elephant statues that appear to "support" the structure, symbolizing strength and protection.

2. Elephants:

   • The name "Chang Lom" translates to "Surrounded by Elephants," referencing these statues. Elephants are significant in Thai culture, representing power and stability, and their inclusion in the temple's design emphasizes the importance of these qualities.

3. Historical Significance:

   • Wat Chang Lom is believed to have been constructed in the 14th century during the reign of King Ramkhamhaeng, one of the most prominent rulers of the Sukhothai Kingdom. The temple's design reflects the influence of Sri Lankan and Lanna styles, indicative of the cultural exchanges that took place during this period.

4. Surroundings:

   • The temple is located within the Sukhothai Historical Park, which is a vast area containing numerous other temples and ruins from the Sukhothai period. The park is a popular destination for those interested in Thai history and ancient architecture.

Visiting Wat Chang Lom:

• Location: The temple is situated in the northern zone of the Sukhothai Historical Park.
• Access: Visitors can explore Wat Chang Lom along with other nearby historical sites, either by bicycle, walking, or guided tours offered within the park.

Cultural Context:

• Wat Chang Lom is a testament to the artistic and architectural achievements of the Sukhothai Kingdom, which is considered the cradle of Thai civilization. The temple's design, particularly the incorporation of elephant statues, highlights the blend of religious symbolism and artistic expression that characterized the era.

How to Get Marriage Visa In Thailand?

Obtaining a Marriage Visa, also known as a Non-Immigrant O Visa (based on marriage), in Thailand allows foreigners married to Thai nationals to stay in the country for an extended period. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to get a Marriage Visa in Thailand:

1. Eligibility Requirements:

• Legal Marriage: You must be legally married to a Thai national. A valid marriage certificate (Kor Ror 2) is required.
• Financial Requirements: You must meet one of the following financial requirements:
  • A bank account in Thailand with a balance of at least THB 400,000 (approximately USD 12,800) maintained for at least two months prior to the application.
  • A monthly income of at least THB 40,000 (approximately USD 1,280), which can be proven through a letter from your embassy or a combination of bank statements showing regular deposits.

2. Initial Non-Immigrant O Visa (Based on Marriage):

• Apply at a Thai Embassy/Consulate: You can apply for a 90-day Non-Immigrant O Visa at a Thai embassy or consulate outside of Thailand. The application will require:
  • A valid passport
  • Completed visa application form
  • Passport-sized photos
  • Marriage certificate and a copy of your spouse's Thai ID card
  • Proof of financial requirements (e.g., bank statements, income letter)
• Processing Time: The processing time varies depending on the embassy or consulate but usually takes a few days.

3. Extension of Stay:

• Once in Thailand, you can apply for a one-year extension of your Non-Immigrant O Visa based on marriage at your local Immigration Office.
• Required Documents:
  • Completed application form (TM7)
  • Passport and copies of relevant pages
  • Marriage certificate and a copy of your spouse's ID card
  • Proof of financial requirements (bank book, bank letter, income affidavit)
  • Photos of you and your spouse together at your home, both inside and outside
  • A map showing the location of your residence
  • House registration book (Tabien Baan) if applicable
• Processing Time: The extension application typically takes a few weeks, during which you may be issued an "under consideration" stamp.

4. Re-Entry Permit:

• If you plan to travel outside Thailand during your visa’s validity, you must apply for a re-entry permit to maintain your visa status. Without it, your visa will be canceled upon leaving Thailand.
• Types of Re-Entry Permits:
  • Single Re-Entry: Allows one exit and re-entry.
  • Multiple Re-Entry: Allows multiple exits and re-entries.

5. 90-Day Reporting:

• After receiving your Marriage Visa, you are required to report your address to the Immigration Office every 90 days. This can be done in person, by mail, or online.

6. Renewal:

• The Marriage Visa must be renewed annually. The renewal process is similar to the initial extension of stay and requires updated financial proof.

7. Fees:

• The fees for a Non-Immigrant O Visa and the extension vary depending on the embassy or consulate, but they generally range between THB 1,900 to THB 5,000.

What Is The Main Airport In Bangkok Thailand?

The main airport in Bangkok, Thailand, is Suvarnabhumi Airport (IATA: BKK). It is one of the busiest and most important airports in Southeast Asia, serving as the primary gateway for international flights to and from Thailand.

Key Facts about Suvarnabhumi Airport:

• Location: The airport is located about 25 kilometers (16 miles) east of downtown Bangkok, in the Bang Phli district of Samut Prakan Province.
• Facilities: Suvarnabhumi is a large, modern airport with extensive facilities, including a wide range of shops, restaurants, lounges, and other services for travelers.
• Airlines: The airport serves as a major hub for Thai Airways International, Bangkok Airways, and other regional and international carriers.
• Capacity: Suvarnabhumi handles both domestic and international flights, with a passenger capacity of over 60 million passengers annually.
  

Other Airports in Bangkok:

• Don Mueang International Airport (DMK): While Suvarnabhumi is the main international airport, Don Mueang Airport serves as a secondary airport primarily handling low-cost airlines and domestic flights.

What Jobs Are Allowed For Foreigners To Work In Thailand?

In Thailand, the types of jobs that foreigners are allowed to work in are regulated by the Thai government. The country's labor laws specify certain professions that are reserved exclusively for Thai nationals, while others are open to foreigners, especially those with specific skills, expertise, or roles that cannot be easily filled by Thai workers. Here's an overview:

Jobs Open to Foreigners:

1. Executive and Managerial Positions:

   • Foreigners can work as executives, directors, and managers in multinational companies, particularly in sectors where international expertise is needed.

2. Specialized Professions:

   • Roles in industries such as technology, engineering, medicine, and education are often open to foreigners, especially when specific technical skills or international standards are required.

3. Teaching:

   • Teaching English and other foreign languages is a common profession for foreigners in Thailand. Teaching positions in international schools, universities, and language centers are typically open to expatriates.

4. Tourism and Hospitality:

   • Foreigners can work in the tourism and hospitality industry, particularly in roles that involve dealing with international clients, such as hotel management, tour guides for specific languages, or customer service roles.

5. Consulting:

   • Foreigners with expertise in business, finance, IT, or other specialized fields often work as consultants for both Thai and international companies.

6. Medical Professionals:

   • Foreign doctors, dentists, and other medical professionals can work in Thailand, particularly in private hospitals and clinics that cater to expatriates and medical tourists. However, they must be licensed to practice in Thailand.

Restricted Jobs for Foreigners:

The Ministry of Labour in Thailand maintains a list of occupations that are reserved exclusively for Thai nationals. Some examples of restricted jobs include:

1. Manual Labor:

   • General construction work, farming, and other forms of manual labor are reserved for Thai nationals.

2. Crafts and Handicrafts:

   • Professions that involve traditional Thai crafts, including wood carving, jewelry making, and weaving, are restricted to Thais.

3. Sales and Retail:

   • Most sales positions, including those in markets and small retail businesses, are reserved for Thai nationals.

4. Driving:

   • Driving jobs, including taxi and truck driving, are generally restricted to Thai citizens.

5. Legal and Professional Services:

   • Professions such as law, accountancy, and architecture are typically restricted to Thai nationals, although foreigners can work in these fields if they are accredited and registered to practice in Thailand.

Visa and Work Permit Requirements:

Foreigners must have a valid visa and work permit to legally work in Thailand. The type of visa required depends on the job and the employer, and the work permit specifies the job and the employer that the foreigner is permitted to work for.

Key Considerations:

• Compliance: It's crucial for foreigners to comply with Thai labor laws to avoid penalties, including fines, deportation, or blacklisting from the country.
• Language Skills: Although not always mandatory, proficiency in Thai can be an advantage, especially in roles that require interaction with Thai nationals or understanding local regulations.

Why Pattaya City Is Popular Destination For Foreigners?

Pattaya City, located on Thailand's eastern Gulf coast, is one of the most popular foreign tourist destinations for various reasons:

1. A vibrant nightlife.
Pattaya is known for its vibrant and diversified nightlife, which includes several bars, nightclubs, cabarets, and beach parties. Walking Street, in particular, is well-known around the world and attracts tourists seeking entertainment, music, and a lively environment that lasts into the early hours of the morning.

2. Beaches & Water Activities
The city has a number of beaches that cater to varied tastes, including Pattaya Beach, Jomtien Beach, and Naklua Beach. Visitors can engage in sports such as jet skiing, parasailing, and scuba diving. The proximity to surrounding islands, such as Koh Larn (Coral Island), allows for snorkeling and other marine activities.

3. Affordable Cost of Living
Pattaya is more cheap than other global tourist spots. Accommodation, food, transportation, and entertainment are all fairly priced, making it an appealing destination for extended stays and retirement.

4. Cultural Attractions.
Pattaya is home to various cultural landmarks, including the Sanctuary of Truth, a giant wooden temple with elaborate carvings, and Big Buddha Hill, which provides panoramic views of the city. These attractions give cultural richness to what is commonly regarded as a strictly recreational area.

5. The expatriate community
Pattaya has a strong expatriate community, making it simpler for immigrants to settle in. Numerous international restaurants, clubs, and associations cater to foreigners, creating a sense of belonging and support.

6. The proximity to Bangkok.
Pattaya, located around 150 kilometers from Bangkok, is easily accessible by road and serves as a favorite weekend escape for both tourists and Bangkok residents. Its short travel time makes it an ideal location.

7. Broad Range of Accommodations
Pattaya has a wide range of lodgings, from inexpensive guesthouses to luxurious seaside resorts. This kind draws a wide range of travelers, from backpackers to families and luxury tourists.

8. Shopping & Dining
The city features a wide range of retail choices, including street markets and high-end malls such as Central Festival Pattaya Beach. Pattaya also has a wide gastronomic culture, featuring everything from traditional Thai street food to foreign cuisine.

9. Entertainment and attractions.
Pattaya has various attractions, including Nong Nooch Tropical Garden, Pattaya Floating Market, and the Cartoon Network Amazone waterpark. These attractions make it an ideal family destination.

10. Medical tourism.

Pattaya has become a medical tourism hotspot, with multiple high-quality hospitals and clinics that provide services at a fraction of the cost in Western countries. Cosmetic surgery, dental care, and health getaways are popular among foreigners.

Can Foreigners Get A Credit Card In Thailand?

Yes, foreigners can get a credit card in Thailand, but there are specific requirements and conditions that need to be met. Here are some key points to consider:

Requirements for Foreigners:

1. Work Permit: Most banks in Thailand require foreigners to have a valid work permit. The work permit should typically be valid for at least one year, although some banks may accept a shorter duration.

2. Minimum Income: Foreign applicants usually need to meet a minimum monthly income threshold. This amount can vary by bank, but it typically ranges from THB 50,000 to THB 100,000 per month. Higher income requirements may apply for premium or platinum credit cards.

3. Proof of Income: You'll need to provide proof of your income, such as salary slips, a letter from your employer, or tax documents.

4. Bank Account: Having a Thai bank account where your salary is deposited is often necessary. Some banks may also require you to have an account with them for a certain period before applying for a credit card.

5. Residency: A valid visa and proof of residency, such as a lease agreement or utility bill, are usually required.

6. Other Documents: You may need to provide a copy of your passport, work permit, and sometimes a recommendation letter from your employer or references.

Which Banks Offer Credit Cards to Foreigners?

• Bangkok Bank: Known for being foreigner-friendly, especially if you have a work permit and meet the income requirements.
• Kasikorn Bank: Offers various types of credit cards to foreigners, particularly those with a stable income and valid work permits.
• Siam Commercial Bank (SCB): Also provides credit cards to foreigners, with similar requirements to other major banks.
• UOBBank: Provides a range of credit cards to foreigners, including those with higher income, as well as expatriates with long-term stays.

Challenges and Tips:

• Higher Requirements: Compared to Thai nationals, foreigners might face higher income requirements and more stringent conditions.
• Credit History: Building a credit history in Thailand can help with future credit applications.
• Language Barrier: Some banks may require documents to be in Thai or have a Thai guarantor. Bringing a Thai-speaking friend or colleague can be helpful.

Foreigners who meet these requirements should be able to apply for and obtain a credit card in Thailand. However, the process might vary slightly depending on the bank and the type of credit card.

What Is The Best Paying Jobs In Thailand For Foreigners?

 

The best-paying jobs for foreigners in Thailand vary depending on industry, qualifications, and experience. Here are some of the top-paying professions for expatriates in Thailand:

1. Executive Roles (CEO, CFO, etc.):

   • High-level executive positions in multinational corporations or large Thai companies tend to offer the highest salaries. These roles require extensive experience, often in specific industries like finance, marketing, or technology.
   • Salary: Often exceeds THB 300,000 per month.

2. International School Teacher/University Lecturer:

   • Teaching at international schools or universities, especially in subjects like science, mathematics, or English, can be quite lucrative. Experience and qualifications, such as a teaching degree or certifications, can significantly boost earning potential.
   • Salary: THB 70,000 to 150,000 per month or more for experienced teachers in prestigious schools.

3. IT Specialists/Tech Industry Roles:

   • The demand for IT professionals, such as software engineers, data scientists, and cybersecurity experts, is growing in Thailand. Foreigners with specialized tech skills can command high salaries, especially in Bangkok's tech hubs.
   • Salary: THB 80,000 to 200,000 per month, depending on expertise.

4. Engineering:

   • Civil, mechanical, and electrical engineers, particularly those working for international firms or in major infrastructure projects, can earn substantial salaries. Specialized engineers with experience in oil, gas, or renewable energy are particularly sought after.
   • Salary: THB 60,000 to 180,000 per month.

5. Hospitality Management:

   • Foreigners often fill senior management roles in Thailand’s hospitality sector, particularly in luxury hotels and resorts. These roles require extensive experience in hotel management and hospitality.
   • Salary: THB 100,000 to 250,000 per month.

6. Corporate Law/Legal Advisors:

   • Lawyers specializing in international law, corporate law, or intellectual property law, especially those working with multinational corporations, can earn competitive salaries. Fluency in both English and Thai is often required.
   • Salary: THB 100,000 to 200,000 per month or more.

7. Finance and Banking:

   • High-level positions in finance, such as investment banking, asset management, or corporate finance, are well-compensated. Foreigners with international experience and credentials like CFA or CPA have an edge.
   • Salary: THB 120,000 to 250,000 per month.

8. Medical Professionals:

   • While the medical field in Thailand is generally dominated by locals, some specialized roles in private hospitals or international clinics, particularly for expat communities, can offer high salaries to foreign medical professionals.
   • Salary: THB 100,000 to 300,000 per month, depending on specialization.

9. Entrepreneurship:

   • Starting a business in Thailand can also be highly lucrative, depending on the industry and business acumen of the individual. Popular areas include hospitality, F&B, and import/export.

10. Consulting:

    • Experienced consultants in areas such as management, finance, IT, and HR can command high fees. Working with multinational companies or in sectors like technology and finance tends to offer the highest earnings.
    • Salary: THB 100,000 to 200,000 per month or more.

Foreigners seeking high-paying jobs in Thailand should focus on sectors where there is a demand for specialized skills, and where multinational companies or affluent markets operate. Proficiency in Thai can be a significant advantage, but English-speaking roles are also prevalent, particularly in international schools, multinational companies, and the tourism sector.

Who is Thailand's New Prime Minister?

 

Paetongtarn Shinawatra elected Thailand’s 31st Prime Minister

Thailand has once again made waves in the political arena with the recent election of its new prime minister, Paetongtarn Shinawatra. This marks a significant moment in the nation’s political landscape, as she becomes the 31st person to hold this important position. So, who exactly is Paetongtarn, and what does her election mean for Thailand?

A brief background on Paetongtarn Shinawatra

Paetongtarn is not new to the spotlight. As a member of one of Thailand's most prominent political families, she is the daughter of former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. Thaksin served from 2001 until he was ousted in a military coup in 2006. Growing up in such a politically charged environment has undoubtedly shaped her perspectives and ambitions.

She studied in both Thailand and the United States, where she earned her bachelor’s degree in communication arts. Her education, coupled with her family legacy, has provided her with a unique vantage point from which to understand the complexities of Thai politics. In many ways, she embodies a bridge between traditional political practices and the new demands of today's society.

The electoral journey

The path to becoming prime minister was not easy for Paetongtarn. Many voters had strong opinions about her family's political history. Yet, she managed to resonate with the Thai people through her commitments to reform and inclusivity. During the election campaign, she focused on key issues such as economic recovery, youth engagement, and social justice, winning over many with her compassionate approach.

Her party, Pheu Thai, has a significant following, and with her candidacy, they managed to reinvigorate their base. Conversations throughout the country buzzed with excitement, as many citizens expressed hope that a new generation of leadership could offer fresh solutions to longstanding issues.

What does her election mean for Thailand?

Paetongtarn's election could signal a series of changes for Thailand. With her youthful energy and modern outlook, she brings ideas that may resonate deeply with younger voters—an increasingly influential demographic in today’s society. Her platform emphasizes economic growth and development, which is vital, especially in light of the ongoing challenges caused by the pandemic.

Moreover, her connections to her father’s administration could lead to a renewed effort to address the social disparities that have long affected many Thai citizens. There is a sense of cautious optimism about how she might handle these economic challenges while respecting the cultural traditions that are so significant to Thai life.

A personal perspective

I remember when I first traveled to Thailand a few years back—it was a beautiful experience filled with friendly locals, delicious food, and rich history. The discussions around politics were as vibrant as the markets filled with colorful goods. Seeing Paetongtarn's rise brings a sense of nostalgia for those conversations. It is inspiring to think about what her leadership might mean not only for economic growth but for fostering a sense of community and belonging among all Thais.

Additionally, many are hopeful that she will advocate for the environment, addressing pressing climate issues that have begun to affect daily life in Thailand. Should she take concrete actions in this direction, it could mark a pivotal shift in political priorities.

Final thoughts

Paetongtarn Shinawatra stepping into the role of Thailand’s prime minister is undoubtedly a moment worth celebrating. It reminds us all that the future holds potential for change, renewal, and hope. As citizens of Thailand and observers from around the world keep an eye on her leadership, one thing is certain: her journey is just beginning, and we will be watching to see how she navigates the complexities of her role.

Let’s keep the conversation going about what this new chapter in Thai politics means for everyone. What are your hopes for her leadership?

Koh Chang Thailand

Koh Chang is one of Thailand’s largest islands, located in the eastern part of the country near the border with Cambodia. It’s known for its stunning beaches, lush jungles, and laid-back vibe, making it a popular destination for travelers looking for a more tranquil alternative to Thailand’s more developed islands.

Highlights of Koh Chang

1. Beaches

   • Koh Chang boasts several beautiful beaches, each with its own unique charm. White Sand Beach is the most popular and developed, offering a range of accommodations, restaurants, and bars. For those seeking a quieter experience, Lonely Beach and Klong Prao Beach are excellent choices, known for their relaxed atmosphere and scenic beauty.

2. Nature and Wildlife

   • The island is covered in dense jungle, home to a variety of wildlife, including monkeys, birds, and even wild elephants. Mu Ko Chang National Park offers opportunities for trekking, waterfall visits, and exploring the island’s diverse flora and fauna.

3. Water Activities

   • Koh Chang is an excellent destination for water sports and activities. Snorkeling and diving are popular around the nearby islands of Koh Rang and Koh Wai, where you can explore vibrant coral reefs and marine life. Kayaking, fishing, and boat tours are also readily available.

4. Waterfalls

   • The island is dotted with picturesque waterfalls, the most famous being Klong Plu Waterfall, which is easily accessible and has a large pool for swimming. Than Mayom Waterfall is another popular spot, known for its multi-tiered cascade and serene surroundings.

5. Nightlife

   • While Koh Chang is more relaxed compared to places like Phuket or Pattaya, it still offers a decent nightlife scene, particularly in areas like White Sand Beach and Lonely Beach, where you’ll find beach bars, live music, and fire shows.

6. Cultural Attractions

   • Koh Chang is home to a few cultural and historical sites, such as the Wat Salak Phet, a Buddhist temple located in the southern part of the island, and the Bang Bao Fishing Village, known for its stilt houses and seafood restaurants.

7. Accommodation

   • Koh Chang offers a wide range of accommodations, from budget-friendly guesthouses and backpacker hostels to luxury resorts and beachfront villas. Many of the resorts are nestled in nature, offering beautiful views of the sea or jungle.

Getting There

Koh Chang is accessible by ferry from the mainland town of Laem Ngop in Trat Province. The nearest airport is in Trat, from which you can take a taxi or bus to the ferry terminal. Once on the island, getting around is easy with taxis, motorbikes, and rental cars available.

Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit Koh Chang is during the dry season, from November to February, when the weather is pleasant, and the sea is calm. The island is less crowded during the rainy season, from May to October, offering a more peaceful experience but with occasional rain showers.

Koh Chang is an ideal destination for those looking to experience Thailand’s natural beauty in a more relaxed, less commercialized setting.

Top Beaches In Thailand

 

Thailand is renowned for its stunning beaches, each offering unique experiences for travelers. Here are some of the top beaches in Thailand:

1. Maya Bay, Koh Phi Phi Leh - Famous for its role in the movie "The Beach," Maya Bay is surrounded by cliffs and features crystal-clear waters and soft white sand.

2. Railay Beach, Krabi - Accessible only by boat, Railay Beach is known for its dramatic limestone cliffs, which attract rock climbers from around the world. The beach itself is beautiful with turquoise waters and fine sand.

3. Patong Beach, Phuket - One of the most popular beaches in Thailand, Patong Beach is vibrant and bustling with activities, nightlife, and water sports. It’s ideal for those looking for a lively beach experience.

4. Nai Harn Beach, Phuket - A more tranquil option in Phuket, Nai Harn Beach is great for swimming and sunbathing. It is surrounded by lush hills and is less crowded compared to Patong.

5. Chaweng Beach, Koh Samui - Koh Samui's longest and most developed beach, Chaweng offers a mix of relaxation and nightlife. The beach is perfect for swimming and has numerous restaurants and bars nearby.

6. White Sand Beach, Koh Chang - True to its name, White Sand Beach features powdery white sand and clear waters. It's a perfect spot for families and those looking for a peaceful beach getaway.

7. Sairee Beach, Koh Tao - The longest beach on Koh Tao, Sairee Beach is famous for its stunning sunsets and vibrant nightlife. It’s also a popular spot for diving and snorkeling.

8. Sunrise Beach, Koh Lipe - Known for its beautiful sunrises, this beach offers calm and clear waters, ideal for snorkeling and swimming. It's also less crowded, providing a serene atmosphere.

9. Ao Nang Beach, Krabi - A convenient beach with easy access to nearby islands, Ao Nang is great for water activities and has a lively town with plenty of dining and shopping options.

10. Kata Beach, Phuket - A family-friendly beach with soft sand and clear water, Kata Beach is perfect for swimming, sunbathing, and water sports. It’s quieter than Patong but still offers a good range of amenities.

    
    
    

These beaches showcase the diverse coastal beauty of Thailand, catering to various preferences from vibrant party spots to serene and secluded retreats.

Wat Phra Singh Temple In Chiang Mai Thailand

Wat Phra Singh is one of the most revered temples in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Located in the heart of the old city, it serves as a significant religious site and a major tourist attraction. Here are some key highlights about Wat Phra Singh:

1. Historical Significance: Wat Phra Singh, also known as "The Monastery of the Lion Buddha," was founded in 1345 by King Phayu of the Mangrai Dynasty to house the ashes of his father, King Kham Fu​

2. Architecture and Art: The temple is renowned for its stunning Lanna architecture and intricate wood carvings. The main assembly hall (Viharn Luang) is particularly notable for its classic Lanna style. The temple complex also includes the Phra Singh Buddha image, a highly revered statue believed to have been brought from Sri Lanka .

3. Cultural Activities: Wat Phra Singh is an active monastery and plays a central role in local Buddhist ceremonies and festivals, such as the Songkran festival. The temple grounds are often bustling with monks, worshippers, and visitors .

4. Restoration and Preservation: Over the centuries, Wat Phra Singh has undergone numerous restorations, with significant work done in the 1920s and again in the 2000s to preserve its historical and cultural heritage​

For those interested in visiting, the temple is open daily, and it's advisable to dress modestly as it is a place of worship. More information about Wat Phra Singh can be found on tourism websites like Tourism Authority of Thailand